| ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
MEMBERS
Chairman Carlos Orlandi, Enaex S.A
Co-Chairman Juan D. Silva, Ph.D, Tricomin S.A.
CO-MEMBERS
William R. Adamson, Ph.D, DynoConsult Latin America
Fréderic Vanbrabant, Ph.D, Tricomin S.A.
Carlos Scherpenisse, ASP Blastronics S.A.
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Chairman William R. Adamson, Ph.D, DynoConsult Latin America
Director Frédéric Vanbrabant, Ph.D, Tricomin S.A.
Director Carlos Scherpenisse, ASP Blastronics S.A.
ADMINISTRATION
Symposium Manager Raúi Fuentes, Senior Consultant
Symposium Secretariat Isabel Castro
Assistant to Symposium Manager Cintya Font
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMITTEE
ROCK FRAGMENTATION BY BLASTING 2002-2006
AND THE ISEE FRAGBLAST SECTION
Xuguang Wang, Chairman lOC Executive President and General
Secretary of ChinaSociety of Engineering Blasting (CSEB),
Beijing,100044, P.R. CHINA
William Fourney, President lOC
and Head of ISEE Fragblast Section
Agne Rustan, Secretary General lOC Docent Gammelstad, SWEDEN
Sushil Bhandari Director, Earth Resource Centre, Sukiran,A-1
Vijay Nagar, INDIA
Frank Chiappetta Blasting Analysis International
Allentown, PA, USA 18104
Claude Cunningham African Explosives Limited,Modderfontein
House, SOUTH AFRICA
Kunihisa Katsuyama Hydraulic Structures Engineering,Dept.
of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture,
Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, JAPAN
Cameron McKenzie Blastronics System and Sevices,24 Brisbane,
Queensland, AUSTRALIA
Bibhu Mohanty Department of Civil Engineering University
of Toronto, Toronto, CANADA
Carlos P. Orlandi Enaex S.A., CHILE
Finn Ouchterlony Swedish Blasting Research Centre (Swebrec)
Stockholm, SWEDEN
Hans Peter Rossmanith Institute of Mechanics, Vienna University
of Technology,Vienna, AUSTRIA
Joé Sanchidrán School of Mines of Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN
FOREWORD
The FRAGBLAST movement, born as a chapter of the international
Society for Rock Mechanics in the early 80's, has evolved
into a fully mature formal organization that recognizes
the need for an international body focusing on the science
of blasting.
FRAGBLAST has consistently led the way in seeking solutions
to at times, seemingly intractable problems such as the
difficulty of understanding rock conditions prior to blasting,
or the investigations of the energy transfer between blasthole
and the environment. Real progress continues continues to
be made and pragmatic, valid approaches are evolving to
enable rock-beraking engineers to improve their ability
to achieve specific results1.
Since 2004 the FRAGBLAST group has been affkliated with
the international Society of Explosive Engineers, the ISEE,as
a formal section, while maintaining its own Internatonal
Organixing Committee and editing its own FRAGBLAST jlurnal,in
order to continue with a high technical and scientific standard.
The Roch Fragmentation by Blasting symposia have become
the traditional, virtually mandatory meetings for researches,
engineers and other practitioners in rock fragmentation.
This series of symposia has grown both in scope and importance
since the first FRAGBLAST, held in Lulea. Sweden, in 1983
chaired by Prof. Per Anders Persson.
This growth is in keeping with the advances made in the
science and technology of rock fragmentation over a period
of more than two decades. The FRAGBLAST Group was the first
to recognize the need for sharing and dissemination of technical
knowledge in the field of blasting technology to improve
our understanding of the interaction between the explosive,
the rock and our environment.
After Lulea the series continued in Keystone,Colorado,USA
(1987). Brisbane,Queensland,Australia(1990);Vienna,Austria(1993);Montreal,Quebec,Canada(1996);Johannesburg,South
Africa(1999);and Beijing,China (2002). All have attracted
a wide range of researchers from both Academia and Industry,
as well as practitioners from mines, construction, and civil
engineering companies2.
Some of the greatest advances in blast design, performance
prediction and analysis have been released and presented
to the world blasting community through FRAGBLAST symposia.
Some of these advances include the Kuz-Ram fragmentation
model, the application of image analysis system for fragmentation
measurement, and the application of fracture mechanics to
the fragmentation process, the advent of electronic delay
initiation systems, and the application of the computer
modelling
RAGBLAST 8
Chile, as one of the world's leading mining countries, was
accorded the honour of holding FRAGBLAST 8. The Eight Symposium
of the series was held in Santiago de Chile, under the auspices
of ASIEX, the Chilean
Association of Explosives Engineers (Asociaci0n Chilena
de Ingenieros Explosivistas), the Chilean chapter of the
ISEE.
1 Adapted from C. Cunningham, FragBlast 6
2 From Previous FragBlast documentation by C. McKenzie,
H.P Rossmanith, B. Mohan04, C. Cunningham and Wang X.
The objective of this symposium has been to promote and
discuss recent advances in research and development of rock
fragmentation, blasting techniques, explosives technology
and their application in mining and civil engineering.
The meeting itself was designed to provide a World Forum
for the presentation and publication of technical contributions
to the broad subjects of rock blasting and fragmentation.
As expected for this international event it also provided
a unique source of guidance for researches in relevant direction
of both applied and theoretical research, and created a
forum for exchange of experience and information concerning
practical and technical aspects of explosives application
and rock blasting, all this with a special focus on the
impact of blasting on the
mining and civil construction business. The "How to
Develop the Science of Blasting" seminar has been an
important issue for the future of research and innovation
in Blasting and Explosives Science; further analysis on
this matter is expected to be published in the FragBlast
Journal.
FragBlast 8 has sought to provide a forum for reassessment,
discussion and dissemination of the latest theory and practice
in our discipline. As the papers in this volume show, the
meeting brought together scientists and engineers applying
and developing explosives, blasting techniques, measurement
and monitoring techniques, as well as researches in fracture
mechanics, blasting and the similarly energetic process.
A very wide range of topics has been covered, including
innovations on drilling techniques and selected case studies.
The discussion of the impact of blasting in the mining business
and the creation of value through the improvement of the
whole comminution process were important issues, demonstrating
the necessity of better
connection between the academy and the industry, researchers
and practitioners. This vision is admirably presented in
the keynote by David R. Hugh, Head of Mining of Angloamerican,
challenging the scientists to help in the search for the
best business solution, considering productivity, long term
economics, safety and environmental impact.
ACKNOWLEDGMEN
FragBlast 8 would not have been possible without the dedication
of all the colleagues of the Local Organizing Committee,
the National Technical Committee, chaired by Dr. Bill Adamson
and co-chaired by Dr. Frederic Vanbrabant, and the Conference
Management team, led by Mr. RaúI Fuentes, especially for
their effort in editing the proceedings. I want to thank
also to all the reviewers of the papers, most of them members
of the FragBlast International Organizing Committee, for
their commitment and professional support.
Finally, a very special acknowledgement has to be given
to my beloved wife, Isabel, whose invaluable collaboration,
permanent support end energy leading the Symposium Secretariat
was vital for the success of the event.
Carlos P. Orlandi
Chairman
FragBlast 8 Symposium
Santiago de Chile, May 2006
Contents
Chapter 1 - Keynote&Opening Talk
1-1 Development of explosives, explosive products and blasting
science during the last decade.
David Heugh, VP Mining Anglo American Chile Ltda.
1-2 The impact of blasting on the business of mining.
Carlos Orlandi, Enaex S.A., Chairman Organizing Committee
FRAGBLAST-8
Cameron McKenzie, Blasttechnology, Australia
Chapter2 - Research,Development and Innovations in Explosives,Inition
Systens and Delivery systems Technolongy
2-1 An Assessment of Light Confinement Media Used in Unconfined
Detonation Velocity Measurements.
Tiju Thomas, African Explosives Limited, South Africa
2-2 Variable Density Explosives.
Miguel A. Lamadrid, Orica Mining Service Australia
Marco Arellano A., Orica Chile
2-3 DDT Sensitivity of Powdered Emulsion Explosives1.
Wang Xuguang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining
& Metallurgy
Song Jinquan, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining
& Metallurgy
Duan Baoufu, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining
& Metallurgy
Xiong Daiyu, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining
& Metallurgy
Chapter 3 - Measurment and Monitoring Techniques for the
Quantification of Blasting and Roch Mechanics related Phenomena
and Results
3-1 Potentiometers for measuring microinch Crack Displacements
with Wireless Systems.
C. Dowding, Professor Northwestern University, USA
H. Ozer , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Dan Marron, Research Engineer, Infrastructure Technology
Institute, USA
3-2 Application of Ground-Based Lidar for Pre-Blast Rock
Mass Characterization
John Kemeny, University of Arizona, USA
James Donovan, University of Utah, USA
Cristian Rodríguez, Split Engineering Chile
3-3 Using High Definition Surveying (HDS) to quantify tunnel
hole burdens and fragmentation.
Wetherelt, Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter
in Cornwall, UK
D.C.Williams, Cambome School of Mines, University of Exeter
in Cornwall, UK
3-4 The latest in on-line fragmentation measurement - stereo
imaging over a conveyor.
Michael Noy, Orica Mining Service, Technical Centre, Australia
3-5 Preliminary Study of Technical Parameters in the Use
of
Innovative Technology for Measurement and Evaluation of
Blast Damage.
Paulo Aguilera, Dyno Consult, Latin America, Chile
William Adamson, Dyno Consult, Latin America, Chile
3-6 Is it possible to assess fragmentation by blasting using
image analysis?
José Sanchidrián, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Pablo Segarra, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Lina López, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
3-7 The SMX Blast Metrix - A new tool to determine the geometrical
parameters of a blast based on 3D imaging.
Peter Moser, Department of Mining and Tunneling, U. of Loeben,
Austria
Andreas Gaich, 3G Software & Measurement GmbH, Austria
Erik Zechmann, Asphalt & Beton, Directorate Resources,
Austria
Andreas Grasedieck, Asphalt & Beton, Directorate Resources,
Austria
3-8 Application of Watershed-based Algorithm for Fragmentation
In Rock Blasting.
Debashish Chakravarty Department of Mining Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
Swapan Kumar Khatua, Department of Mining Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
3-9 Experimental Study on Damage Properties of Rocks Under
Dynamic Loading.
Gao Wen-xue, Beijing University of Technology, China
Liu Yun-tong, BeUing University of Technology, China
Chatper 4 – Advanced in Research and Development in Rick
Fragmentation ,Damage, Wave Propagation and Fracture Mechanics
Applications. Advances in Numerical Modelling and simulation
Techniques for Drilling Blasting Optimization
4-1 The Mechanics of Spalling in Rock - A Reconsideration.
H.P. Rossmanith, Institute of mechanics and Mechatronics
- A2 Vienna
University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
4-2 Blast Control through the use of notched holes.
Nenad Djordjevic, JKMRC/ University of Queensland, Australia
Italo Onederra, JKMRC/ University of Queensland, Australia
4-3 Modelling Coal Loss in Open-Pit Blasting Using PFC2D.
Martin Tucker, BMA Goonyella Riverside Mine, Australia
Sarma S Kanchibotla, Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Ltd, Australia
Marc Ruest, Itasca Consulting Group, Australia
4-4 Modelling Of Crater Blasting in Jointed Rock Mass Using
Discontinuous Deformation Analysis.
Ali Mortazavi., Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran,
Iran
4-5 Numerical Simulation of The Blasting Process in Bedded
and Jointed Rock Mass with 2D-DDA Method.
Ning You-jun, State Key Lab of Explosion Science and Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology
Yang Jun, State Key Lab of Explosion Science and Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology
4-6 Study on Control of crack-Propagation in Blasting.
S.H. Cho, Lassonde Institute and Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
K. Kaneko, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Mohanty Lassonde Institute, university of Toronto, Canada
Y. Nakamura, Yatsushiro National College of Technology,
Kumamoto, Japan
4-7 Numerical Simulation on Blasting Seismic Effect Under
the Different Charge Structure,
Kai-da Dai, EHIME University
Jun Yang, State Key Lab of Explosion Science and Technology,
Beijing
Kunihisa Katsuyama, EHIME University
Shu-ran Lu, State Key Lab of Explosion Science and Technology,
Beijing
4-8 Micro-fragmentation energy evaluation in rock blasting.
E. Hamdi, Ecole Nationale d'lngénieurs de Tunis, Département
de Génie CiviI, Le Belvédère, Tunisia
J. du Mouza, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France
J. M. Le cleac'h, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de
Paris
Centre de Géologie de I'lngénieur, France
4-9 Developments using the Particle Flow Code to simulate
Rock
Fragmentation by Condensed Phase Explosives.
Marc Ruest, Itasca Consulting Group Australia
Peter Cundall, Itasca Consulting Group, Australia
Alan Guest, De Beers Group, South Africa
Gideon Chitombo, Sustainable Mineral Research Centre/University
of Queensland, Australia
4-10 Near-field blast vibration models.
Dane P. Blair, Orica Mining Services, Australia
Alan Minchinton, Orica Mining Service, Australia
4-11A new non-ideal detonation code for evaluating the performance
of commercial explosives.
Sedat Esen, Metso Minerals Process Technology Australia
& Asia Pacific
4-12 Vixen Detonation Codes: Energy Input for the HSBM.
Martin Braithwaite, African Explosives Limited, South Africa
Claude Cunningham, African Explosives Limited, South Africa
lan Parker, African Explosives Limited, South Africa
4-13 Effect of Dynamic Unloading During the Process of Rock
Fragmentation by Blasting
Xu Hongtao, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and
Hydropower
Engineering Science, Wuhan University China
Yi Changping, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and
Hydropower
Engineering Science, Wuhan University China
Lu Wenbo. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower
Engineering Science, Wuhan University China
Chapter 5 - Innovations in Blast Design and Implementation
Techniques and Tools for the Mining and Civil Rock Excavation
Industries
5-1Modification of the Kuz-Ram Model for Underground Hard
Rock Mines.
Ken Qian Liu, Mines Technical Services, Noranda Fralconbridge,
Canada
5-2 An alternative approach to determine the uniformity
index of Rosin-Rammler based fragmentation models.
I. Onederra, JKMRC/ University of Queensland, Australia
K. Rioja, JKMRC/ University of Queensland, Australia
5-3 A Neural Network Model for Fragmentation by Blasting.
José Cáceres S., Queens University Australia. P.D. Katsabanis,
Queens University Australia
C.W. Pelley, Queens University Australia
S. Kelebek, Queens University Australia
5-4 Likeness and differences in the fragmentation of full
scale and model scale blasts
Finn Ouchterlony, Swedish Blasting Research Centre, Swebrec
at LTU, Sweden
Peter Moser, Institut fǔr Bergbaukunde, Montanuniversitǎt
Leoben, Austria
5-5 Economic Benefits Associated with "Fragmentation"
Using Electronic Detonators.
Diego Quezada, Orica Chile
5-6 Fragmentation Model and Its Application to Global Mine
Cost
Rolando Fuentes S, Orica Chile
5-7 The Multilevel Modeling of Blast Vibration Data.
M. Pegden, University of Leeds, England
W. J. Birch, University of Leeds, England
T. White, University of Leeds, England
5-8 The suitability of conventional geological and geotechnical
data for blast design.
Andrew Scott, Scott Mine Consulting Service Pty Ltd, Australia
Gideon Chitombo, Sustanaible Mineral Research Centre/University
of Queensland, Australia
Italo Onederra, JKMRC/ University of Queensland, Australia
5-9 Drilling, blasting, primary crusher productivity -A
macro-system view of fragmentation to efficiently recover
mineral resources.
Guillermo Borquez, Mining Consulting, Lafayette, California,
USA
5-10 Maximizing NPV by Blasting.
José Cáceres S, Queens University, Australia. P.D. Katsabanis,
Queens University, Australia
W. Pelley, Queens University, Australia
S. Kelebek, Queens University, Australia
5-11 Throw Blasting Analysis.
G. F. Brent, Orica Mining Service, Technical Centre, Australia
M. J. Noy, Orica Mining Service, Technical Centre, Australia
5-12 Microfracturing as a Result of Explosions, and Increased
Dissolution of Metal in an Oxidized Copper Ore.
H. Fribla, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain
5-13 Environmental Blast Simulation.
Alan B. Richards, Terrock Pty. Ltd, Australia
Adrian J. Moore, Terrock Pty. Ltd, Australia
5-14 Design, Implementation and Control of Large Scale Draw
Bells (Zanjas)in Panel Caving, Codelco División El Teniente.
Manuel Díaz, División El Teniente, Codelco Chile
Martin. Piérola, Divisidn El Teniente, Codelco Chile
William Adamson, Dyno Consult, Latin America, Chile
5-15 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Limits Blasts.
Cameron McKenzie, Blastechnology, Australia
Iván Villalba, Enaex S.A., Chile
5-16 Stability of the multiple benches, during and after
drilling and blasting of the lower benches.
Santiago Pinilla, Sernageomin, Chile
5-17 Development of a tool to predict the Bond Index using
drillhole information.
Juan Daniel Silva, Tricomin S.A.
Victor Encina, IM2 Codelco Chile
Chapter 6 –Application of Exposives Technology to the Mining
Industry – Case Studies
6-1 Defining the Effect of Varying Fragmentation on overall
Mine Efficiency.
Sean Rodger, Kumba Resources, Thabazimbi Iron Ore Mine,
South Africa
Anton Gricius, Kumba Resources, Thabazimbi Iron Ore Mine,
South Africa
6-2 Determination of Blasting Index (BI) to predict the
fragmentation and blasting efficiency of Sungun copper mine
using Rock Mass index (RMi).
S.H.Hoseinie, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran6
Y. Pourrahimian, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz,
Iran
N. Fardin, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
H. Aghababaei, University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
6-3 Impact of short delays sequence on fragmentation by
means of electronic detonators: theoretical concepts and
field validation.
Frédéric Vanbrabant, Tricomin S.A., Chile
Alejandro Espinosa, IM2 Codelco Chile
6-4 Constructing the fragment size distribution of a bench
blasting round, using the new Swebrec function.
Finn Ouchterlony, Swedish Blasting Research Centre, Swebrec
at LTU, Sweden
Peter Andersson, Aros. Grusf6r~dling, Sweden
Lennart Gustavsson, Aros Grusfǒrǎdling, Sweden
Mats Olsson, Swedish Blasting Research Centre, Swebrec at
LTU, Sweden
UIf Nyberg, Swedish Blasting Research Centre, Swebrec at
LTU, Sweden
6-5 Experience with the change from cartridged to bulk site
sensitized emulsion explosives in medium size quarry operations.
Peter Moser, Department of Mining and Tunneling, University
of Loeben, Austria
Gerhard Reichholf, Holcim Swiss Raw Material Management,
Switzerland
6-6 Fragmentation studies and improvement in the MCF at
Kopanang Mine.
F.J. Fourie, Anglo Gold Ashanti Kopanang Mine, South Africa
T. Zaniewski, Anglo Gold Ashanti Kopanang Mine, South Africa
6-7 The Blasting Result in Underground Mine Development
and Production Using Modern Drill Rigs.
Lars Norling, Boliden AB Sweden
Gunnar Nord, Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB Sweden
6-8 Applying fundamental principles of stress waves to production
blasting in LKAB Malmberget mine.
Zong-Xian Zhang, LKAB, Malmberget, Sweden
Torbjǒrn Naattijǎrvi, LKAB, Malmberget, Sweden
6-9 Developing a Blast Management Plan for Open Cut Coal
Mine Adjacent to an Underground Colliery.
Thomas Lewandowski, Terrock Pty. Ltd., Australia
Greame Weeks, Collinsville Coal Co Pty Ltd.
Pat Kelly, AMCI Australia Pty Ltd.
6-10 Application of Controlled Blasting (Pre-splitting)
in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine.
Firouzadj, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
S. Kashitararash, Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine Complex, Kerman,
Iran
M. A. Ebrahimi, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
H. Mansouri, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
6-11 Application of Controlled Blasting (Pre-splitting)
Using Large Diameter Holes in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine.
Aghajani Bazazi, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Firouzadj, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
H. Mansouri, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
M. A. Ebrahimi, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
A. Atashpanjeh, Sarcheshmeh copper complex, Iran
6-12 Monitoring and analysis of production waste blasts
at the Cadia Hill Gold Mine.
Sedat Esen, Metso Minerals Process Technology Australia
& Asia Pacific
Italo Onederra, JKMRC/ University of Queensland, Australia
Darren Francis, Newcrest Mining Limited, Australia
6-13Effective delay design in multi-row blasts in open-cast
coal mines - A case study.
P．K. Singh, Lassonde Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
Bibhu Mohanty Lassonde Institute, University of Toronto,
Canada
M.P.Roy, Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad, India
6-14 Full Control Project - Value Creation Through Blasting.
German Salazar, Chuquicamata Mine, Codelco Norte División,
Codelco Chile
Nelson Quinzacara, Chuquicamata Mine, Enaex S.A.
6-15 Tunnel Blasting using Precise Electronic Delay Detonators
and Bulk Emulsions.
A.T. Spathis, Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
L.W. Armstrong, Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
P.Lesberg, Orica Australia Ply. Ltd.
6-16 Failure Cause Analysis for case of remnant pillar formation
during Undercut Blasting in the Pre-caving process, Esmeralda
Mine, Teniente Division, Codelco Chile.
William Adamson, Dyno Consult Latin America, Chile
M. Díaz U, EI Teniente Division, Codelco Chile
M. Piérola, EI Teniente Division, Codelco Chile
6-17 Directional Throwing coyote Blasting of the Thousand-ton
Explosives Charge at Mengjiagou iron Mine, Shougang Group
Corp. Ltd.
Chen Shaopan, Fujian Gaoneng Constructive Engineering Co.
Ltd., China
6-18 Blast vibration potential causing instability on the
west slope at Sar Cheshmeh copper mine
H. Mansouri, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
M. M. Saberi, Sar Cheshmeh Copper Mine Complex, Kerman,
Iran
M. Amir Rahmat, Sar Cheshmeh Copper Mine Complex, Kerman,
Iran
M. Fatehi, Sar Cheshmeh Copper Mine Complex, Kerman, Iran
A. Mohammad Nejad, Sar Cheshmeh Copper Mine Complex, Kerman,
Iran
Chapter 7 -AppJication of Explosives Technology to the
Civil Rock Excavation Industry - Case Studies
7-1 Rockfill Production for the Hydroelectric Project "EI
Cajon" State of Nayarit, Mexico
David Yanez, Constructora EI Cajón (ICA), México
7-2 Case Studies on Tunneling with Blasting and Concurrent
Construction of Concrete Lining.
Chang-Ha Ryu, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral
Resources (KIGAM)
Byung-Hee Choi, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral
Resources (KIGAM)
Yang-Kyun Kim, Kolon E & C, Korea
Hyung-Jun An, Kolon E & C, Korea
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